The Tongass!
Step 15) Taking Lines Off the Hull
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Wanting to achieve the goals of putting my Westlawn training to use, e.g. evaluate the boat's performance and hydrostatics, and also to properly place the longitudinal center of gravity (LCG) properly in the boat relative to the longitudinal center of buoyancy (LCB), it was necessary to take the lines off the hull. Renn's boat is designed "on the anvil of experience", not from a set of lines and calculations. As such, there are no lines drawings for the boat available, so I had no choice but to develop my own. Although there are more than one way of skinning this particular cat, most won't work for me because of my space constraints. I don't have room in my shop to set up uprights from which I can triangulate to the various points on the hull ...instead, I must resort to being very very careful and using a plumb bob and a horizontal grid (strings and straight edges) above the boat from which to measure: Steps in Taking Off of Lines:
- Set up a baseline
- Orient boat to baseline
- Set up a transverse reference line
- At each station, mark and measure the horizontal half-breadths and vertical heights to each point
- Import the offsets into CAD, create profile and plan view curves
- Rebuild and fair the curves
- Loft the 2D plan and profile curves into 3D curves that represent the boat, then fit developable panels to them (shell plating)
- Check the model against a priori knowledge about the boat and unrolled panels
- Slice the model into vertical sections
- Export the sections in the form of 2D lines and produce the lines drawings in AutoCAD (in my case)
Note: I do the hydrostatics with the 3D model (Rhino 3D + Proteus PHASER plugin and/or ProSurf v3) but do my drafting in 2D with AutoCAD. Shown in the first picture is the homemade water level which I used for all leveling work. For these kinds of distances, there's nothing finer than leveling with a water level. As shown in the picture, the baseline is set up so that it a) aligns with the keel from bow to stern, b) is above the boat a few inches, and c) the same distance above the level of the water in the water level at all points (see distance 'Y' in the picture.) In the second picture, I am leveling the hull so that the keel will be parallel to the baseline. In this case, the water level had to be lowered a bit (both ends) so the reference line (top of water) was below the stringers inside the boat. The distance 'X' in the picture is the distance from the stringer to the waterline. If 'X' is the same at all points on the stringers (both stringers, fore to aft), then the stringers are level in both the longitudinal and transverse directions. This was accomplished by jacking up the building jig and placing blocks and shims under it. |
| Shown in the first picture, the boat is now a) level fore and aft, b) level crossways, and c) the keel (fairbody line) is aligned with the baseline (see taut string above boat). In the second picture, you can see my uprights, levels, transverse reference line (aluminum straight edge), and plumb bob ready to go. Note the following:
- So as not to mark up my reference straight edge, I place blue masking tape above the centerline, chine lines, and sheerline upon which to mark the half-breadths
- I marked a sheerline on the hull at a known vertical offset from the actual sheerline, which in this case isn't even built yet (3/8" above the sheer shelves is 'spec' and the temporary sheerline is 7/8" below the top of the shelves)
- Blue tape is also placed on the hull at the (temporary offset) sheerline for marking the measuring point
- Because hauling a water level back and forth across the boat for making the reference straight edge level would be a huge hassle, I used a normal level for this. Note that a) the level was checked to make sure it read the same in either orientation (swapped end for end), and b) both sides of the boat are measured and then averaged and this will remove any error in level
- Offsets were measured starting at the intersection of the bottom and the transom rather than at the aft waterline as would be traditional. This is because a) the shape of the hull is defined with or without a waterline on it ;-), and b) the transom is at a 12-degree angle to the keel, so in 3D CAD later on, I can fit a plane 12-degrees off the normal and then use the boat hull panels to slice it into a transom shape ...much easier than actually measuring all points on the real transom
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Finally ready to start ...but wait! All the stations must be marked off first! Starting at the transom-to-bottom intersection, I marked main hull stations on 18" intervals. As shown in the picture, in the areas where the boat hull is taking hard turns, I reduced the common interval to only 6". |
Now the painstaking work of taking the offsets off the hull begins. For each station:- Move the uprights and horizontal straight edge (transverse reference line) to the station
- Adjust the straight edge height so it 'just skins' the baseline without pushing it down. I aimed for a 1/16" exact gap above the centerline and included this in the vertical height measurements
- Level the straight edge, maintaining it's height at the baseline (centerline)
- Square up the straight edge by measuring diagonals to the other end of the boat's fairbody and moving opposite uprights fore/aft as necessary, using a plumb bob to guarantee alignment with the station mark. Note that you must measure from the same distance on either side of the centerline or else the straight edge will not be square with the hull,
Then ... - Place blue tape over the centerline, chine lines, sheerline, and on the sheer line marked on the hull
- Mark the centerline on the tape
- Using a plumb bob, place a mark on the straight edge (blue tape, black pen) directly above the inner and outer chine lines and above the sheerline
- Place a mark on the chine lines and sheerline where the tip of the plumb bob makes contact
- Put the plumb bob down and use a tape measure from the centerline to the marks to measure the half-breads ...repeat for the other side of the hull
- Use a tape measure to measure the vertical offsets from fairbody, chine lines, and sheer to the horizontal reference/straight edge, both sides of the boat.
As you can see in the second photo, I had to get creative in order to get the measurements in the tight quarters in which I have to work. It shows you that you can take offsets off a hull in very tight quarters ...where there's a will, there's a way. In the photo, I have a cedar 2x4 (very straight) screwed to the wall to carry one end of the straight edge and one of the uprights has gone through the person-sized doorway to carry the other end. Because my 10' aluminum straight edge doesn't fit in these areas well, I utilized 1x3 MDF material for my straight edge instead. |

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A week and one weekend later, I had all the half-breadths and heights taken off the hull. Before taking down strings, levels, and putting the water level and uprights away, I wanted to check the data to find out if any mistakes had been made. I incorporated the feet-inches-eighths into an Excel spreadsheet, converted them to decimal inch measurements, and then graphed the lines in a scatter chart of station offsets versus half-breadths or heights as appropriate. If any mistakes had been made, they'd show up as discontinuities or 'wiggles' in the lines. I found one typo, which was fixed after checking against the original measurements, but otherwise everything came out great. The picture shows the graphed lines, raw and unfaired. These are as-is right off the boat. Once I have the lines in my 3D CAD s/w, I will duplicate them and fair the duplicate so that it best-fits the original data but is a smooth continuously changing curve with no inflections (this boat is has all convex curves, no hollows.) |
| After MUCH work, I have an accurate model! The process included fairing the lines followed by the slow process of going through the entire book (plans) and cross-checking against everything that I could to guarantee that the model was accurate, making corrections and adjustments along the way. Examples include the following: Unrolling panels and checking against Renn's offsets for creating the panels in the first place, known height and width offsets as described in the form of station molds, drop at the stem, transom dimensions, deadrise angles at each station, etcetera etcetera. It was a lot of work, but I now have a model of the boat that accurately reflects the original design. Unrolled panels represent the greatest tolerance stack and they are accurate to within 1/10" of the offsets prescribed in the plans. In fact, I was able to locate and correct a couple of minor discontinuities in the plans by comparing to my model. Check and cross-check ...ops check good! |


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© Copyright 2004 Brian Dixon
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